Minggu, 22 Maret 2009

LAtiHAN B.Inggris

n early societies money was unknown and man relied on a simple system of exchange. Perhaps a good hunter had more animal skins than he could use. His neighbor, a good fisherman might have too many fish, but needed furs to protect his children from the cold. Both soon realized that to solve their problems they could exchange their surplus.

This method of exchanging is called 'barter'. The word comes from the French barater.
Barter was important when the needs were mostly for clothing, food, and shelter. but the system had its problems. For example, a weaver who wanted to change his cloth for a good catch of fish might not be able to find a fisherman who needed cloth. And a farmer with too much corn might not be able to find a hunter with too many deer. When labor and services became more specialized, barter no longer could function of 'payment'. A new system had to be found.

1. People bartered because .............
  A.
they like a simple system
 B.
they realized their problems
 C.
they had a surplus and they needed something
 D.
they had money to fulfill their needs
 E.
they did not want to pay cash


2. Paragraph 3 is about ....................
  A.
the fisherman who needed cloth
 B.
the society that became more specialized
 C.
the weaver who wanted to exchange his cloth
 D.
the problems of the bartering 'system'
 E.
an example of barter


3. 'Both' soon realized that to solve their problems they could ...... ( par 1) 
Both refers to ...................
  A.
the hunter and the fisherman
 B.
the hunter and his fish
 C.
the neighbor and the animal skin
 D.
the fish and the fur
 E.
the neighbor and the hunter


4. Barter was important until .......... (Par 3 )
  A.
the fisherman had enough cloth
 B.
the hunter had enough fish
 C.
the society become more specialized
 D.
the farmer had not enough corn
 E.
the weaver started to grow corn himself


5. An antonym of 'to protect' is ................
  A.
to satisfy
 B.
to abolish
 C.
to develop
  D.
to educate
 E.
to neglect



6. Who wanted to exchange his corn?
  A.
a trader
 B.
a neighbor
 C.
a farmer
  D.
a good hunter
 E.
a good fisherman



7. Barter was a means of exchange when the primary needs of man were clothing, food and shelter only. But the system had many ......................
  A.
gaps
 B.
numbers
 C.
problems
  D.
advantages
 E.
satisfaction



  Computers are machines that handle information automatically. They can perform calculations and process data. Computers can work with numbers to solve problems in a few seconds. Computer can remember a great deal of information and make practically no mistakes. That is why computers are used in places such as banks, offices and companies.
  Computers work like calculators. But most calculators can do only one thing at a time. we tell them what to do by pressing buttons so that it processes, we can give a series of instructions to a computer. Other information such as a list, numbers, letters, words or even graphs or pictures. Once we provide a programme, the computer can do all this work automatically without further help or instruction.
  A computer stores and handles number. The numbers may be mathematical formulas or numbers in columns of figures. Numbers can also be codes that stand for letters of the alphabet, words or instructions to the computer.

8. Paragraph 1 tells us about the ........ of a computer
  A.
construction
 B.
process
 C.
network
  D.
framework
 E.
function



9. Paragraph 2 tells us about ...............
  A.
how to provide a pronoun
 B.
how to operate computer
 C.
how to set up a programme for computer
 D.
how to get the information from a computer
 E.
how to get a series of instructions


10. Which answer is wrong
  A.
Computer can remember a great deal of information
 B.
to some extent, a computer is the same as a calculator
 C.
banks, offices, companies will not run smoothly without computers
 D.
Computers can do all work automatically without a program
 E.
Computers are machines that can handle information automatically


11. We can give the computer ........ according to our need ( paragraph 2)
  A.
a program
 B.
the information
 C.
an instruction
  D.
the calculation
 E.
the memory



12. Why are computers used in Banks, in public and private offices? Because;
  A.
they work automatically
 B.
they do one thing at a time
 C.
they do the work without help
 D.
they can remember a great deal of information
 E.
they work the same way as calculators do


13. A computer stores and handles number( Paragraph 3). To store is ........
  A.
to make
 B.
to give
 C.
to keep
  D.
to process
 E.
to take



14. We call this a computers programme. This refers to .......... ( Paragraph 2)
  A.
giving instruction
 B.
further help or instruction
 C.
pressing various buttons
 D.
a series of instructions given to a computers
 E.
information provided by a computer


15. This Machine works automatically, it does not ........ an operator.
  A.
claim
 B.
obtain
 C.
supply
  D.
employ
 E.
require



16. If you work with a computer remember to blink your eyes from time to time. 
In that way you ........ eyestrain.
  A.
increase
 B.
solve
 C.
avoid
  D.
reduce
 E.
relax



The Torajan people of South Sulawesi have a unique way of burying the dead. They believe that if somebody dies, she/he enters puya, a place for the dead. They also believe that someone who enters puya must show her/his social status when alive. That is way the funeral ceremony for a person who had a high position in the community may look like a big party or even a carnival. Someone is only really dead when a complete funeral ceremony has been held. Before that, the dead body is considered to be a sick body
.
The Manggarai people of Flores believe that the spirit of the dead, called poti, stay where they used to stay when they were alive, especially near the bed. After some time, the poti ' live ' in well, big trees, or crossroads near the house. The spirit are there to help them. However, this is believed to last only five days, for then the poti will leave for Mori Karaeng. Mori Karaeng is a place for the dead. The Manggarai people believe that everything in Mori Karaeng is the opposite of the world of the living. So, people break dishes and glasses on the day the dead is supposed to leave for Mori Karaeng, so that when entering Mori Karaeng, she/he has utensils in a good condition.

17. In Tanah Toraja a dead body is ........ to be sick before a complete funeral 
ceremony is held.
  A.
treated
 B.
considered
 C.
behaved
  D.
believed
 E.
imagined



18. .............. a person who had a high position in the community.(par 3). Community means....
  A.
the people
 B.
the Torajan People
 C.
the women
  D.
The men
 E.
the society



19. According to the Manggarai people the spirit of the dead go to Mori Karaeng ............
  A.
on the first day of the death
 B.
on the second day of the death
 C.
on the fifth day of the death
  D.
on the fourth day of the death
 E.
on the sixth day of the death



20. Why do the Manggarai People break dishes and glasses on the day that the dead is supposed to leave for Mori Karaeng?
  A.
to honor the dead person
 B.
to honor the Mori Karaeng
 C.
to complete the funeral ceremony
 D.
to accompany him/her to go to the last place
 E.
to have utensils in good condition in Mori Karaeng.


21. Everything in Mori Karaeng is the opposite of the world of the living. 
Another noun for the opposite is .........................
  A.
the same
 B.
the difference
 C.
the alternative
  D.
the preference
 E.
the reverse



Many people now have a card which enables them to withdraw money from an ATM. You just insert your card into the machine and key in your PIN (Personal Identification Number). Then, tell the machine how much money you want.

22. The purpose of the text is .............
  A.
to tell how to use an ATM
 B.
to persuade the readers to have credit card
 C.
to check the customer's account
 D.
to explain to the readers how to use PIN
 E.
how to get ATM registration


23. "many people now have a card which enables them to ........"
The word enables means .............
  A.
forces
 B.
supports
 C.
asks
  D.
allows
 E.
put



  HOW TO MAKE BALLOON FACES

YOU WILL NEED;
flour balloons funnel
yarn glue felt-tip pens

STEPS:
1. Pour as much flour as you can through a funnel into a balloon.
2. Tie a knot in the balloon
3. Glue on some yarn for hair
4. Draw a face on the balloon with felt-tip pens
5. Mold the balloon with your fingers

See what funny faces you can make

24. What is the purpose of the text?
  A.
to describe a place
 B.
to tell you about past events
 C.
to tell you a story
 D.
to tell you how to make something
 E.
to report the events


To : Mr. Tri Gunarto

I found some viruses attack my documents.
Please tell me how I can eliminate them.
Sorry, I wrote this memo because 
you were not in your office.
Thank you.

Mr. Siswanto

25. What is the purpose of the text?
  A.
to give information
 B.
to ask services
 C.
to ask information
  D.
to give services
 E.
to have something



26. Who is the writer of that memo?
  A.
Mr. Tri Gunarto
 B.
Mr. Siswanto
 C.
The secretary
  D.
The receptionist
 E.
His Friend



I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie.

Brownie is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie does not like bones. Every day it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at school, Brownie plays with my cat. They get along well, and never fight maybe because Brownie does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house gently, and it never eat shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly animal

27. What type of text is used by the writer?
  A.
Report
 B.
Recount
 C.
Narratives
  D.
News Items
 E.
Descriptives



28. "Brownie is a Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy, and cute." 
The underlined word means................
  A.
thin
 B.
soft
 C.
hard
  D.
thick
 E.
awkward



29. The communicative purpose of this text is..................
  A.
to describe a particular animal
 B.
to share an amusing incident with others
 C.
to present two pooints of view about an issue
 D.
to inform the readers about the beauty of Brownie
 E.
to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining


30. Speaker 1 : Let us join my uncle's business, shall we? 
Speaker 2 : Do you think we will get profit? 
Speaker 1 : Sure, his business has a good prospect. __________ of getting a lot of profit
  A.
It is likely
 B.
It is impossible
 C.
There is a good chance
  D.
we will get a chance
 E.
It is very doubtful



31. Arrange the sentences into a readable paragraph. 
1. Difficulties subsequently arose over exact values. 
2. A cow or a sheep must be fed and cared for. 
3. But the buyer might not be willing to part with two cows.
4. A man who wanted to sell something might find that what he owned was worth
  more than one cow. 
5. Some animals are fat and some are lean
  A.
1-3-5-4-2
 B.
4-2-5-3-2
 C.
2-3-5-4-1
  D.
5-4-2-3-1
 E.
2-5-4-3-1



32. Widya : what do you think about the dry season? 
Bobi : I think it lasts a very long time. The drought is felt everywhere. 
Widya : what about the water supply in your village? 
Bobi : The people must use it ........, it means that they must be 
  very ........ when using water.
  A.
economy; economist
 B.
economize; economical
 C.
economic; economically
  D.
economical; economically
 E.
economically; economical



33. Banks receive money from their ........, on current 'account' or on a deposit account.
  A.
people
 B.
borrowers
 C.
customers
  D.
workers
 E.
employees



34. The manager of the factory has decided that they must increase their ........ of packets of soap powder.
  A.
produce
 B.
producer
 C.
productivity
  D.
productive
 E.
production



35. If one talks about money and one says interest, it means ........
  A.
one has to pay a lot of money
 B.
one receives money from the bank or one has to pay charges to the bank
 C.
one gets money from the bank
 D.
one has to pay commission
 E.
one receives commission


36. If in a common talk one says: "That interests me very much", It means ........
  A.
one does not care at all
 B.
one is going to pay money to the bank
 C.
one is getting interest from the bank
 D.
one is waiting to get money from the bank
 E.
one is curious to know more about it


37. A commercial bank is lending at a higher interest rate than the interest it pays for borrowing money. It does so ........
  A.
to please the customer
 B.
in order to make profit
 C.
to pay for commissions
  D.
to charge for services
 E.
to pay the customer



38. If a bank extends credit, it means that the bank ........

A.

makes money available to customers on certain conditions

 B.
pays interest
 C.
is making profit
 D.
implements monetary policy
 E.
is losing money


39. Now you have ........ it in a Javanese way. Your living room looks very artistic.
  A.
decorated
 B.
carved
 C.
painted
  D.
made
 E.
designed



40. In the internet you can see a monitor The popular word for a monitor is ........
  A.
a television
 B.
a display
 C.
a station
  D.
a screen
 E.
a recorder



41. The scientiest had carried out their experiment and the result ........ a lot of people.
  A.
carried
 B.
improved
 C.
attempted
  D.
developed
 E.
astonished



42. A : There are many youngsters who want to study abroad, but some of them fail. 
B : some of them fail because ........... of speaking good English.
  A.
they have a chance
 B.
they are incapable
 C.
they have a little chance
  D.
they are capable
 E.
they have a good chance



43. "If women in the late 1960's had been given equal rights as men, there would not have been 'women's liberation movement!" This sentence means that ....... at that time.
  A.
women will not have equal rights as men
 B.
women didn't have equal rights as men
 C.
women do not have equal rights as men
 D.
women have not had equal rights as men
 E.
women might not have equal rights as men


44. The best arrangement of the following sentence is ..... 
1. We have to jog at least three times a week or every other day. 
2. We can jog on the streets, in the big squares, in the park, etc. 
3. We only need a pair of running shoes, a sport shirt, shorts, and socks. 
4. So, don't jog only on Sundays. 
5. Jogging does not need a lot of money. 
6. If we want to make our body fit.
  A.
6-1-2-4-5-3
 B.
5-2-6-1-3-4
 C.
5-3-2-6-1-4
  D.
6-1-5-3-2-4
 E.
5-3-6-1-4-2



45. Rita : Hi Rin. Have you finished your English paper ? It's is too difficult for me : I can't do it. Rini : Let's do it together. 
Rita : O.K. 
In the dialogue above Rita expresses her ........
  A.
Impatience
 B.
Uncertainty
 C.
Incapability
  D.
Disappointment
 E.
Dissatisfaction



46. Yunus : Dedi, let's spend this weekend for fishing. I have found a good spot. 
Dedi : I am sorry, I hate fishing. 
From the above sentence, Dedi shows his ....... for fishing.
  A.
disagreement
 B.
dislike
 C.
disappointment
  D.
dissatisfaction
 E.
discontentment



47. X : Have you visited Bob? He got an accident last week. 
Y : Oh. poor Bob. I hope he'll be better soon. 
The underlined sentence expresses ........
  A.
sadness
 B.
pleasure
 C.
sympathy
  D.
expectation
 E.
satisfaction



48. Nadi : Can you help me typing my English Task ? 
Rudy : Sorry, I am not able to type it using computer. 
From the dialogue above we can conclude that ........
  A.
Nadi will help Rudi
 B.
Rudi has ability to type using computer
 C.
Rudi is very disappointed
 D.
Rudy does not have capability of typing using computer
 E.
Nadi is pleasure to ask Rudy


49. Mother : Clean your room Siska! 
Siska : Yes Mam 
Vinda : What did your mother tell you Siska? 
Siska : She told me ........................
  A.
clean my room
 B.
to clean my room
 C.
to clean your room
  D.
cleaned my room
 E.
cleans his room



50. Dona : Tony left for Bandung this morning 
Tom : What did you say? 
Dona : ............................
  A.
I said that Tony leaves for Bandung
 B.
I said that Tony will leave for Bandung
 C.
I said that Tony would leave for Bandung
 D.
I said that Tony had left for Bandung
 E.
I said that Tony is going to leave for Bandung
Wireless

   The term wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is accomplished without the use of a "hard wired" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires".[1] The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to "wireless". Wireless communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications.
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.
Introduction to Wireless


Handheld wireless radios such as this Maritime VHF radio transceiver use electromagnetic waves to implement a form of wireless communications technology.
Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g., radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of wires.[2] Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.
 Wireless communication

This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2006)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The term "wireless" has become a generic and all-encompassing word used to describe communications in which electromagnetic waves or RF (rather than some form of wire) carry a signal over part or the entire communication path. Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:
• Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities 
• Consumer Two Way Radio including FRS (Family Radio Service), GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios 
• The Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio) 
• Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios 
• Cellular telphones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business. 
• Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth. 
• Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless. 
• Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones. 
• Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of channels. 
Wireless networking (i.e. the various flavors of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is used to meet a variety of needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:
• To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, 
• To avoid obstacles such as physical structures, EMI, or RFI, 
• To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, 
• To link portable or temporary workstations, 
• To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or 
• To remotely connect mobile users or networks. 

Wireless communication may be via:
• radio frequency communication, 
• microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication, or 
• infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls or via IRDA, 
Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint communication, broadcasting , cellular networks and other wireless networks.
The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is generally used to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a portable power source (e.g., a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the cordless device through a connection to the mains power supply. Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense that information is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone's base unit via some type of wireless communications link. This has caused some disparity in the usage of the term "cordless", for example in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.
In the last 50 years, wireless communications industry experienced drastic changes driven by many technology innovations.
History
Further information: History of radio 
The term "Wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any type of operation that is implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote control", "wireless energy transfer", etc. regardless of the specific technology (e.g., radio, infrared, ultrasonic, etc.) that is used to accomplish the operation.
Early wireless work
David E. Hughes, eight years before Hertz's experiments, induced electromagnetic waves in a signaling system. Hughes transmitted Morse code by an induction apparatus. In 1878, Hughes's induction transmission method utilized a "clockwork transmitter" to transmit signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison uses a vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deploys a system of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison attains the wireless patent for this method using inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971 ).
In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory of electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was important.[3][4] The theory of electromagnetic waves were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted and caused to travel through space at straight lines and that they were able to be received by an experimental apparatus.[3][4] The experiments were not followed up by Hertz and the practical applications of the wireless communication and remote control technology would be implemented by Nikola Tesla.
 The electromagnetic spectrum
Light, colours, AM and FM radio, and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the US the frequencies that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. This determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur radio operator was interfering with the pilot's ability to land an airplane. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. (Also see Spectrum management)
 Applications of wireless technology
 Security systems
Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings 
 Television remote control
Modern televisions use wireless (generally infrared) remote control units. Now we also use radio waves.
 Cellular telephony (phones and modems)
Perhaps the best known example of wireless technology is the cellular telephone and modems. These instruments use radio waves to enable the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to transmit and receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from these instruments. 
 WiFi
Main Article: Wi-Fi
 Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards

Look up Wireless in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
• Broadcasting 
• Amateur radio 
• Communication radio 
• Cordless telephony:DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 
• Cellular systems:0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless 
• List of emerging technologies 
• Short-range point-to-point communication : Wireless microphones, Remote controls, IrDA, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Wireless USB, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), EnOcean, Near Field Communication 
• Wireless sensor networks : ZigBee, EnOcean; Personal area networks, Bluetooth, Ultra-wideband (UWB from WiMedia Alliance). 
• Wireless computer networks: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), (IEEE 802.11 branded as WiFi and HIPERLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and Broadband Fixed Access (BWA) (LMDS, WiMAX, and HIPERMAN)

Mobile
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Look up mobile, -mobile, Mobile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Mobile usually refers to:
• A mobile phone, a portable communications device 
• A mobile (sculpture), a hanging artwork (or toy) 
• Mobility (disambiguation), the ability to move or be moved 
Mobile may also refer to:
 Technology
• Mobile computing, a generic term describing one's ability to use technology in mobile environments 
• Mobile game, a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA or handheld computer 
• Mobile Magazine, a publication on portable electronics 
• Mobile radio, wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies 
• Mobile rig 
• Mobile station, user equipment and software needed for communication with a wireless telephone network 
• Mobile Web, the World Wide Web as accessed from mobile devices using Mobile Web Browser 
• Mobile TV, TV services viewed via a mobile device. 
Places
• Mobile, Alabama, a U.S. port city 
• Mobile Bay, near Mobile, Alabama 
• Mobile County, Alabama 
• The Mobile River in Alabama 
• University of Mobile, a private university located in Mobile County, Alabama 
• Mobile, Arizona, a small town near Phoenix, U.S. 
• Mobile, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada 
• Mobile, Columbia 
 Entertainment
• Mobile Entertainment Forum, the global voice of mobile entertainment companies 
• Mobile (band), a group of Canadian rock musicians 
• Mobile (song), a song by Avril Lavigne from her album Let Go (Avril Lavigne album) 
• Mobile (TV series), a British ITV drama 
• A Mob (computer gaming), a type of non-player character 
• Mobile (GunBound), constructs in the turn-based Internet game 
• Mobile weapons, fictional weapon systems from the Gundam anime metaseries 
 Other
• Mobile tribe, a Native American tribe 
• Mobile Company of America, early maker of steam cars 
Wireless Communication


Introduction 
Wireless communication is used as a term for transmission of information from one place to another without using cables. This may be one-way communication as in broadcasting systems (such as radio and TV), or two-way communication (e.g. mobile phones). The research area covers an increasing number of existing and new technologies.
Our Research
In the 1980s our department was involved in the development of the mobile phone system that we today know as GSM. In the 1990s we contributed to the standardisation of the digital broadcast (DVB) system. Today this standard is used for digital transmission of TV channels, and in the future it will also be used for broadcasting HDTV (High Definition Television).
Our research is directed at all kinds of wireless communications, from short range to satellite communication. Depending on the application and system requirements, we utilise either well-known international standards, or develop tailor-made solutions when existing technologies do not meet the user requirements.
 
Wikia (originally Wikicities) is a selective free web hosting service for wikis (or wiki farm) operated by Wikia, Inc., a for-profit Delaware company founded in late 2004.[2]
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Las Gas

LAS BUSUR MANUAL

   Mengelas adalah menyambung logam dengan logam dengan cara mencairkan logam yang ingin disambung,sehingga terjadi ikatan METAL LOGGING.
A. Penyebab-penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan pada las busur manual
  1. Kecelakaan kelistrikan(Electric Shooc)
 2. Sinar las debu dan asap las
 3. kejatuhan benda kerja 
 4. luka bakar dan kebakaran
 Oleh karena itu,perlu hati-hati waktu menghubungkan setiap alat yang dialiri listrik. Umpamanya mengelas. Tang elektroda-elektroda dll.
Hal ini dapat menyebabkan elektrik shook dan berbahaya kalau tidak hati-hati.


B. Sinar-sinar pad alas busur manual
  1. sinar inframerah
  2. sinar ultraviolet
 Mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan harus memakai pelindung mata.memakia peralata keselamatan kerja( pakaian pelindung),buat batas pelindung agar orang lain tidak terganggu.









  JOB SHEET

II. Alat yang digunakan saat kerja 
  1. kikir baja kasar,kikir baja sedang
  2. alat penyiku,mistar baja
  3. alat penggores 
  4. alat penitik
  5. palu konde,2 kg 
  6. ragum kerja bengkel
  7. jangka sorong
  8. jangka pelukis
  9. mesin bor,konci,bor,mata bor
  10. peralatan las acetilin 
  11. brander las pemotong
  12. palu las
  13. sikat kawat pembersih
  14. lap pembersih
  15. perlengkapan keselamatan kerja als
 a. google(pelindung mata )
 b. apron (baju kerja )
 c. masker (pelindung hidung )
 d. sarung tangan
 e. tang penjepit
 f. sepatu kerja
 g. helm ( pelindung muka )
 h. alas las ( plat,besi )
 i. garjal

lll.Urutan langkah-langkah kerja
  1. benda kerja dibersikan,dikikir rata,ditap bersih diukuran harus rata.
  2. bentuk benda kerja dilukis dan diukur sesuai ukuran gambar pada Job Sheet.
  3. mengukur bagian ujung yang bentuk /persegitepi dahulu,dilukis sesuai gambar kerja.
  4. mengukur dan membuat garis sumbu untuk kedua gambar lingkaran.
  5. membuat lukisan gambar lingkaran .
  6. kemudian, semua gambar lukisan pada benda kerja diberikan penitik.
  7. memberikan tanda penitik menggunakan palu,tiap jarak +5 mm.
  8. siapkan mesin bor,kunci bor,mata bor bagian pinggir lingkaran dalam dibor dulu untuk jalan pemotongan las sampai tembus.
  9. siapkan peralatan las acetilin dan brander las pemotong.
  10. panaskan bagian ujung yang akan dipotong sampai pada warna merah terang/merah muda. Kemudian potong benda kerja mulai dari tempat yangmerah ternag itu.
  11. potong benda kerja ,setelah dibuat pemanasan awal dari bagian pinggir potong mengikuti lukisan benda kerja .  
  12. bagian lubang dalam ,dibuat lubang dahulu,untuk jalan pemotongan kemudian panasakan bagian dekat lubang sampai merah terang . terus dipotong sesuai lukisan benda kerjanya.